Liderazgo y resiliencia organizacional en un escenario catastrófico: estudio empírico
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Publicado:
Jun 4, 2021
Palabras clave:
resiliencia organizacional, sostenibilidad, desastres, liderazgo
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Resumen
En este artículo se aborda el papel de los líderes en el desarrollo de la resiliencia organizacional ante los desastres. Las catástrofes afectan a millones de perso nas en todo el mundo, y seguirán ocurriendo. La investigación se orienta a responder la pregunta: ¿cómo pueden los líderes desarrollar la resiliencia en sus organizaciones frente a eventos extremos, específicamente ante los terremotos? El fenómeno se estudia desde la perspectiva de la experiencia mexicana tras el terremoto del 19 de septiembre de 2017 en la Ciudad de México. El estudio contrasta las definiciones y los marcos conceptuales de resiliencia existentes para apoyar el desarrollo de la resiliencia organizacional en caso de desastres, por parte de los líderes. Este estudio participativo se realizó con doce líderes para documentar las lecciones aprendidas y comprender los mecanismos de desarrollo de la resiliencia con los que apoyaron a sus organizaciones durante la recuperación del terremoto. Los hallazgos reflejan la conceptualización de la resiliencia como un proceso no lineal, que permite su intervención para desarrollar acciones en las etapas de anticipación, respuesta y adaptación.
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Mucharraz y Cano, Y. (2021). Liderazgo y resiliencia organizacional en un escenario catastrófico: estudio empírico. The Anáhuac Journal, 21(1), Págs. 40–65. https://doi.org/10.36105/theanahuacjour.2021v21n1.02
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Citas
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Rung, A., & Lichtveld, M. (2014). «The Resilience Activation Framework: A conceptual
model of how access to social resources promotes adaptation and rapid
recovery in post-disaster settings.» Journal of Behavioral Health Services and
Research, 42 (1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-014-9410-2
Arjoon, S. (2000). «Virtue theory as a dynamic theory of business.» Journal of Business
Ethics, 28 (2), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339112331
Asian Development Bank. ADB. (2016). Reducing disaster risk by managing urban
land use: Guidance notes for planners. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/
publication/185415/disaster-risk-urban-land.pdf
Barrett, R. (2006). Building a values-driven organization: A whole-system approach to
cultural transformation. Taylor and Francis.
Baum, F., MacDougall, C. & Smith, D. (2006). «Participatory Action Research.»
Epidemiology Community Health, 60 (10), 854-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/
jech.2004.028662
Bebbington, A. (1999). «Capitals and capabilities: A framework for analyzing peasant
viability, rural livelihoods and poverty.» World Development, 27 (12), 2021-2044.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7
Bolman, L. G. & Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and leadership.
Personnel psychology (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Cohen, R. E. (2002). «Mental health services for victims of disasters.» World Psychiatry:
Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 1 (3), 149-152. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489840/
Cooperrider, D. L. & Whitney, D. (2005). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in
change. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Cox, R. S. & Perry, K. M. E. (2011). «Like a fish out of water: Reconsidering disaster
recovery and the role of place and social capital in community disaster resilience.
» American Journal of Community Psychology, 48 (3-4), 395-411. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10464-011-9427-0
Cruz Atienza, V. M. (2015). Los sismos. Una amenaza cotidiana [The earthquakes.
A daily threat]. La Caja de Cerillos Ediciones.
Cutter, S. L. (2014). «Building disaster resilience: Steps toward sustainability». Challenges
in Sustainability, 1 (2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2013.01020072
Davis, D. E. (2005). «Reverberations: Mexico City’s 1985 earthquake and the transformation
of the capital.» In J. L. Vale & T. J. Campanella (eds.), The resilient city: How
modern cities recover from disaster (pp. 255-280). Oxford University Press.
Duchek, S. (2020). «Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization.»
Business Research, 13 (1), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
Dynes, R. R., Quarantelli, E. L. & Wenger, D. (1990). Individual and organizational responses
to the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, Mexico. Disaster Research Center.
Eisenhardt, K., Graebner, M. & Sonenshein, S. (2016). «Grand challenges and inductive
methods: Rigor without rigor mortis.» Academy of Management Journal, 59 (4),
1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4004
Fenton-O’Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. (2011). «Thinking,
feeling and deciding: The influence of emotions on the decision making and performance
of traders.» Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 1044-1061. https://
doi.org/10.1002/job
Fisher, G. & Aguinis, H. (2017). «Using theory elaboration to make theoretical
advancements.» Organizational Research Methods, 20 (3), 438-464. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1094428116689707
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G. & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). «Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive
research: notes on the gioia methodology.» Organizational Research Methods,
16 (1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Goleman, D. (2000). «Leadership that gets results.» Harvard Business Review.
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Studies, 31 (1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609347054
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about studying leadership (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
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about studying leadership (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Jin, Y., Pang, A. & Cameron, G. T. (2010). «The role of emotions in crisis responses.»
Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 15 (4), 428-452. https://doi.
org/10.1108/13563281011085529
Kalayjian, A., Kanazi, R. L., Aberson, C. L., & Feygin, L. (2002). «A cross-cultural study
of the psychosocial and spiritual impact of natural disaster.» International Journal
of Group Tensions, 31 (2), 175-186.
Kenney, C. M. & Phibbs, S. (2015). «A Māori love story: Community-led disaster management
in response to the Ōtautahi (Christchurch) earthquakes as a framework
for action.» International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 46-55. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.12.010
Lafferty, C. L. & Alford, K. L. (2010). «NeuroLeadership: Sustaining research relevance
into the 21st century.» SAM Advanced Management Journal, 75 (3), 32-40. http://
samnational.org/publications/sam-advanced-management-journal/
Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2013). «Developing a tool to measure and compare
organizations’ resilience.» Natural Hazards Review, 14 (1), 29-41. https://doi.
org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000075
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). «Developing a capacity
for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management.»
Human Resource Management Review, 21 (3), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
hrmr.2010.07.001
Leppma, M., Mnatsakanova, A., Sarkisian, K., Scott, O., Adjeroh, L., Andrew, M. E.,
McCanlies, E. C. et al. (2018). «Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth
among police officers: A cross-sectional study.» Stress and Health, 34 (1), 175-186.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2772
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. (2013). «The conjectures.» In The constructivist credo. (pp. 43-
82). Left Coast Press.
Mays, R., Walton, R., Lemos, M., & Haselkorn, M. (2014). Valuing what works: Success
factors in disaster preparedness—An independent analysis of Red Cross/Red
Crescent practitioner needs. Global Disaster Preparedness Center (GDPC), University
of Washington. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/
publications/v.php?id=40938
McManus, S., Seville, E., Vargo, J., & Brunsdon, D. (2008). «Facilitated process for
improving resilience.» Natural Hazards Review, 9 (May), 81-90.
Meindl, J. R. (1995). «The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social
constructionist approach.» The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (3), 329-341. https://doi.
org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90012-8
Mucharraz, Y. (February 6, 2020). «How businesses can brace for catastrophe.»
Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/02/how-businesses-can-brace-forcatastrophe?
ab=hero-main-text
Mucharraz, Y. (2021). «The geography of organizational change: A critical review.»
Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.03.015
Nakagawa, Y. & Shaw, R. (2004). «Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery.»
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 22 (1), 5-34. https://doi.
org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Nava, L., Matsuno, K. & Kohlbacher, F. (2020). «Organizational post-traumatic growth:
how disasters affect responsiveness to environmental forces.» Academy of Management
Proceedings, 2020 (1). https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.14375abstract
Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2006). Disaster resilience: An integrated approach. Charles C.
Thomas.
Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2017). Disaster resilience: an integrated approach (2nd ed.).
Charles C. Thomas. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2013.03.012
Rock, D., Cox, C., Fellow, P. & Green, P. (2012). «The SCARF® model stands for Status
SCARF® in 2012: Updating the social neuroscience of collaborating with others.»
Neuroleadership Journal, (4). https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/about/
PFMS/Documents/Change_Leadership_Module/SCARF%20Model%20-%20Updating%
20the%20Social%20Neuroscience%20of%20Collaborating%20with%20
Others.pdf
Sachs, J. D. (2015). The age of sustainable development. Columbia University Press.
Sassón, M. (2004). Catástrofes y salud mental. Abordajes teóricos y modalidades de
intervención [Catastrophes and mental health: Theoretical approaches and intervention
modalities]. Thesis, Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (6th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Serrat, O. (2017). «The sustainable livelihoods approach.» Knowledge Solutions, 21-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_5 21
«Sismos 1985/2017 de los escombros a la esperanza» [Earthquakes 1985/2017 from
debris to hope] [Installation proceedings]. (2018). Museo Memoria y Tolerancia.
Solomon, R. C. (2011). True to our feelings: what our emotions are really telling us. Oxford
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368536.001.0001
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. & Craig, J. (2007). «Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative
research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.» International
Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19 (6), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/
intqhc/mzm042
Ulrich, D. (1998). «A new mandate for human resources.» Harvard Business Review,
(January-February), 123-134.
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knowledge platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
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for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.
pdf
Walton, B. R., Mays, R. E. & Haselkorn, M. (2016). «Advances in managing humanitarian
operations.» Technical Communication, 63 (2), 85-100. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-24418-1
Wang, J., Hutchins, H. M. & Garavan, T. N. (2009). «Exploring the strategic role
of human resource development in organizational crisis management.»
Human Resource Development Review, 8 (1), 22-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1534484308330018
Wang, L., Restubog, S., Shao, B., Lu, V. & Van Kleef, G. A. (2018). «Does anger expression
help or harm leader effectiveness? The role of competence-based versus
integrity-based violations and abusive supervision.» Academy of Management
Journal, 61 (3), 1050-1072. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0460
Werner, E. (2005). «Resilience and recovery: Findings from the Kauai longitudinal
study.» Research, Policy, and Practice in Children’s Mental Health, 19 (1), 11-14.
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model of how access to social resources promotes adaptation and rapid
recovery in post-disaster settings.» Journal of Behavioral Health Services and
Research, 42 (1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-014-9410-2
Arjoon, S. (2000). «Virtue theory as a dynamic theory of business.» Journal of Business
Ethics, 28 (2), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339112331
Asian Development Bank. ADB. (2016). Reducing disaster risk by managing urban
land use: Guidance notes for planners. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/
publication/185415/disaster-risk-urban-land.pdf
Barrett, R. (2006). Building a values-driven organization: A whole-system approach to
cultural transformation. Taylor and Francis.
Baum, F., MacDougall, C. & Smith, D. (2006). «Participatory Action Research.»
Epidemiology Community Health, 60 (10), 854-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/
jech.2004.028662
Bebbington, A. (1999). «Capitals and capabilities: A framework for analyzing peasant
viability, rural livelihoods and poverty.» World Development, 27 (12), 2021-2044.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7
Bolman, L. G. & Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and leadership.
Personnel psychology (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Cohen, R. E. (2002). «Mental health services for victims of disasters.» World Psychiatry:
Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 1 (3), 149-152. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489840/
Cooperrider, D. L. & Whitney, D. (2005). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in
change. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Cox, R. S. & Perry, K. M. E. (2011). «Like a fish out of water: Reconsidering disaster
recovery and the role of place and social capital in community disaster resilience.
» American Journal of Community Psychology, 48 (3-4), 395-411. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10464-011-9427-0
Cruz Atienza, V. M. (2015). Los sismos. Una amenaza cotidiana [The earthquakes.
A daily threat]. La Caja de Cerillos Ediciones.
Cutter, S. L. (2014). «Building disaster resilience: Steps toward sustainability». Challenges
in Sustainability, 1 (2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2013.01020072
Davis, D. E. (2005). «Reverberations: Mexico City’s 1985 earthquake and the transformation
of the capital.» In J. L. Vale & T. J. Campanella (eds.), The resilient city: How
modern cities recover from disaster (pp. 255-280). Oxford University Press.
Duchek, S. (2020). «Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization.»
Business Research, 13 (1), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
Dynes, R. R., Quarantelli, E. L. & Wenger, D. (1990). Individual and organizational responses
to the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, Mexico. Disaster Research Center.
Eisenhardt, K., Graebner, M. & Sonenshein, S. (2016). «Grand challenges and inductive
methods: Rigor without rigor mortis.» Academy of Management Journal, 59 (4),
1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4004
Fenton-O’Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. (2011). «Thinking,
feeling and deciding: The influence of emotions on the decision making and performance
of traders.» Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 1044-1061. https://
doi.org/10.1002/job
Fisher, G. & Aguinis, H. (2017). «Using theory elaboration to make theoretical
advancements.» Organizational Research Methods, 20 (3), 438-464. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1094428116689707
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G. & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). «Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive
research: notes on the gioia methodology.» Organizational Research Methods,
16 (1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Goleman, D. (2000). «Leadership that gets results.» Harvard Business Review.
Grint, K. (2005). Leadership: Limits and possibilities. Palgrave MacMillan.
Grint, K. (2010). «The sacred in leadership: Separation, sacrifice and silence.» Organization
Studies, 31 (1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609347054
Heron, J. & Reason, P. (1997). «Inquiry Paradigm.» Qualitative Inquiry, 3 (3), 274-294.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/107780049700300302
Jackson, B. & Parry, K. (2011). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book
about studying leadership (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Jackson, B. & Parry, K. (2018). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book
about studying leadership (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Jin, Y., Pang, A. & Cameron, G. T. (2010). «The role of emotions in crisis responses.»
Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 15 (4), 428-452. https://doi.
org/10.1108/13563281011085529
Kalayjian, A., Kanazi, R. L., Aberson, C. L., & Feygin, L. (2002). «A cross-cultural study
of the psychosocial and spiritual impact of natural disaster.» International Journal
of Group Tensions, 31 (2), 175-186.
Kenney, C. M. & Phibbs, S. (2015). «A Māori love story: Community-led disaster management
in response to the Ōtautahi (Christchurch) earthquakes as a framework
for action.» International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 46-55. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.12.010
Lafferty, C. L. & Alford, K. L. (2010). «NeuroLeadership: Sustaining research relevance
into the 21st century.» SAM Advanced Management Journal, 75 (3), 32-40. http://
samnational.org/publications/sam-advanced-management-journal/
Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2013). «Developing a tool to measure and compare
organizations’ resilience.» Natural Hazards Review, 14 (1), 29-41. https://doi.
org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000075
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). «Developing a capacity
for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management.»
Human Resource Management Review, 21 (3), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
hrmr.2010.07.001
Leppma, M., Mnatsakanova, A., Sarkisian, K., Scott, O., Adjeroh, L., Andrew, M. E.,
McCanlies, E. C. et al. (2018). «Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth
among police officers: A cross-sectional study.» Stress and Health, 34 (1), 175-186.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2772
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. (2013). «The conjectures.» In The constructivist credo. (pp. 43-
82). Left Coast Press.
Mays, R., Walton, R., Lemos, M., & Haselkorn, M. (2014). Valuing what works: Success
factors in disaster preparedness—An independent analysis of Red Cross/Red
Crescent practitioner needs. Global Disaster Preparedness Center (GDPC), University
of Washington. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/
publications/v.php?id=40938
McManus, S., Seville, E., Vargo, J., & Brunsdon, D. (2008). «Facilitated process for
improving resilience.» Natural Hazards Review, 9 (May), 81-90.
Meindl, J. R. (1995). «The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social
constructionist approach.» The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (3), 329-341. https://doi.
org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90012-8
Mucharraz, Y. (February 6, 2020). «How businesses can brace for catastrophe.»
Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/02/how-businesses-can-brace-forcatastrophe?
ab=hero-main-text
Mucharraz, Y. (2021). «The geography of organizational change: A critical review.»
Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.03.015
Nakagawa, Y. & Shaw, R. (2004). «Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery.»
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 22 (1), 5-34. https://doi.
org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Nava, L., Matsuno, K. & Kohlbacher, F. (2020). «Organizational post-traumatic growth:
how disasters affect responsiveness to environmental forces.» Academy of Management
Proceedings, 2020 (1). https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.14375abstract
Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2006). Disaster resilience: An integrated approach. Charles C.
Thomas.
Paton, D. & Johnston, D. (2017). Disaster resilience: an integrated approach (2nd ed.).
Charles C. Thomas. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2013.03.012
Rock, D., Cox, C., Fellow, P. & Green, P. (2012). «The SCARF® model stands for Status
SCARF® in 2012: Updating the social neuroscience of collaborating with others.»
Neuroleadership Journal, (4). https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/about/
PFMS/Documents/Change_Leadership_Module/SCARF%20Model%20-%20Updating%
20the%20Social%20Neuroscience%20of%20Collaborating%20with%20
Others.pdf
Sachs, J. D. (2015). The age of sustainable development. Columbia University Press.
Sassón, M. (2004). Catástrofes y salud mental. Abordajes teóricos y modalidades de
intervención [Catastrophes and mental health: Theoretical approaches and intervention
modalities]. Thesis, Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (6th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Serrat, O. (2017). «The sustainable livelihoods approach.» Knowledge Solutions, 21-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_5 21
«Sismos 1985/2017 de los escombros a la esperanza» [Earthquakes 1985/2017 from
debris to hope] [Installation proceedings]. (2018). Museo Memoria y Tolerancia.
Solomon, R. C. (2011). True to our feelings: what our emotions are really telling us. Oxford
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368536.001.0001
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. & Craig, J. (2007). «Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative
research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.» International
Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19 (6), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/
intqhc/mzm042
Ulrich, D. (1998). «A new mandate for human resources.» Harvard Business Review,
(January-February), 123-134.
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable development goals: Sustainable development
knowledge platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.
Walton, B. R., Mays, R. E. & Haselkorn, M. (2016). «Advances in managing humanitarian
operations.» Technical Communication, 63 (2), 85-100. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-24418-1
Wang, J., Hutchins, H. M. & Garavan, T. N. (2009). «Exploring the strategic role
of human resource development in organizational crisis management.»
Human Resource Development Review, 8 (1), 22-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1534484308330018
Wang, L., Restubog, S., Shao, B., Lu, V. & Van Kleef, G. A. (2018). «Does anger expression
help or harm leader effectiveness? The role of competence-based versus
integrity-based violations and abusive supervision.» Academy of Management
Journal, 61 (3), 1050-1072. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0460
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