Social intelligence, an elementary competence in the development of the doctor-patient relationship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36105/psrua.2021v1n1.07Keywords:
inteligencia social, médico-paciente, antropocentrismo, dignidad humana, inteligencia emocional, comunicación, humanismoAbstract
Introduction: The doctor-patient relationship is one of the great foundations of the vocation of medicine in the service of humanity. There can be no professional care without a solid foundation centered on trust and assertive communication. It is only then that competences such as Social Intelligence (SI) can play a defining role since they provide the physician with the practical skills, theoretical knowledge, and relevant attitudes to establish a professional relationship with the patient. Daniel Goleman presents the concept of SI as a continuation of his work on EI, where the whole cognitive process arises from self-knowledge, the ability to delve into the different spheres of the emotional-affective spectrum and self-regulation. Later, the social relationship is reached when the emotional recognition of others is based on the individual capacity for empathy which, together with a harmonized regulation, leads to the development of healthy social skills. Objective: To present the relevance of SI competence in the proper development of the doctor-patient relationship. Methods: A systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMATM statement (2009), using PubMedTM, MedigraphicTM, and ResearchgateTM as search engines. A total of 115 articles were evaluated. Results: Based on its diverse definitions, accepted since 1920, social intelligence is an essential component. However, it is clear that there is a huge contradiction because it is not really considered in formal education. Over the years, the concept of SI has evolved, while the doctor-patient relationship has become increasingly important. Conclusion: The general consensus is that the need to humanize the medical sciences leads us to reflect on the scarcely studied humanistic competences. Then, we can promote a comprehensive medical education to promote a holistic conception of health as those who suggest medicine is a vocation do.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
PLUMX metrics
References
1. Peña PD. El arte de la medicina: ética, vocación y poder. Cuba y Salud. 2014;9(3):31-41.
2. Goleman D. La práctica de la inteligencia emocional. Barcelona: Kairós; 1997.
3. Gorgas DL, Greenberger S, Bahner DP, Way DP. Teaching Emotional Intelligence: A Control Group Study of a Brief Educational Intervention for Emergency Medicine Residents. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(6):899-906. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2015.8.27304
4. Cher Boon. Emotional intelligence and academic performance in first and final year medical student: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13(13):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-44
5. Jimenes L. Thoery of Multiple Intelligences and Their Application in Medicine. Psycol Psychology Res Int J. 2017;2(5):318.
6. Ekman Paul. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion. 6th ed. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
7. Campos Joseph. A new perspective on emotions. Child Abuse Neglect. 1984; 8:147-156.
8. Cabanac M. What is emotion? Behav Processes. 2002;60(2):69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00078-5
9. Grewal D, Davidson HA. Emotional intelligence and graduate medical education. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1200-2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.10.1200
10. Goleman D, Boyatzis R. Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harv Bus Rev. 2008;86(9):74-81.
11. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality.1990;9(3):185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FDUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
12. Mansel B. Emotional intelligence is essential to leadership. Nurs Stand. 2017;18;(3):21-9. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.31.21.29.s28
13. Ye J, Yeung DY, Liu ESC, Rochelle TL. Sequential mediating effects of provided and received social support on trait emotional intelligence and subjective happiness: A longitudinal examination in Hong Kong Chinese university students. Int J Psychol. 2019;54(4):478-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12484
14. Sa B, Ojeh N, Majumder MAA, Nunes P, Williams S, Rao SR, Youssef FF. The relationship between self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and empathy among students from six health professional programs. Teach Learn Med. 2019;31(5):536-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2019.1607741
15. Chew BH, Md Zain A, Hassan F. The relationship between the social management of emotional intelligence and academic performance among medical students. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(2):198-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2014.913797
16. Gardner Howard. Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Educational Researcher. 1989;18(8):4-10.
17. Prado V, Giménez M, Valero S. The influence of nurse education and training on communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Online]. 2019 July [cited 2020 october];53(29)9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2018015903465
18. Gardner Howard. Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan.1995;72(3):200-09.
19. Boyatzis Richard. Clustering competence in emotional intelligence. In: Bar-On R, Parker J. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 1999.
20. Lewis N, Rees C, Hudson J, Bleakley A. Emotional intelligence medical education: measuring the unmeasurable? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2005;10(4):339-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-005-4861-0
21. Keidar D, Yagoda A. Emotional intelligence, moral, ethics, bio-ethics and what is in between. Med Law. 2014;33(3):131-59.
22. Kantor B, Kantor J. Importance of Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence for Physicians. JAMA. 2018;10;(2):204-06. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.6278
23. Kaminska AO, Pshuk NG, Martynova Y. Social and emotional intelligence as a basis for communicative resource formation in family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(1):107-12.
24. Stoller J, Farver C, Taylor C. Emotional intelligence competencies provide a developmental curriculum for medical training. Med Teach. 2013;35(3):243–247. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737964
25. Todres M, Tsimtsiou Z, Stephenson A, Jones R. The emotional intelligence of medical students: an exploratory cross-sectional study. Med Teach. 2010;32(1):42-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421590903199668
26. Seritan A, Hunt J, Shy A, Rea M, Worley L. The state of medical student wellness: a call for culture change. Acad Psychiatry. 2012;36(1):7-10. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.10030042
27. Johnson D. Emotional intelligence as a crucial component to medical education. Int J Med Educ. 2015;6(6):179-83. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5654.3044
28. Genschow O, Klomfar S, D'Haene I, Brass M. Mimicking and anticipating others' actions is linked to Social Information Processing. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018 Mar [cited 2020 october 15];13(3): e0193743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193743
29. Zautra EK, Zautra AJ, Gallardo CE, Velasco L. Can We Learn to Treat One Another Better? A Test of a Social Intelligence Curriculum. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2020 october 15]; 15;10(6):e0128638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128638
30. Abrahams L, Pancorbo G, Primi R, Santos D, Kyllonen P, John OP. Social-emotional skill assessment in children and adolescents: Advances and challenges in personality, clinical, and educational contexts. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(4):460-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000591
31. Swartz M. Social and Emotional Learning. J Pediatr Health Care. 2017;31(5):521-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.06.001
32. Ashton B, Thornton A, Ridley A. An intraspecific appraisal of the social intelligence hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc. 2018;6(373)1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0288
33. Silman F, Dogan T. Social intelligence as a predictor of loneliness in the workplace. Span J Psychol. 2013;16(36):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.21
34. Salavera C, Usán P, Jarie L. Emotional intelligence and social skills on self-efficacy in Secondary Education students. Are there gender differences? J Adolesc. 2017; 60:39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.009
35. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018; 80:106-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.
36. Yeh ZT. Role of theory of mind and executive function in explaining social intelligence: a structural equation modeling approach. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(5):527-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.758235
37. Hampel S, Weis S, Hiller W, Witthöft M. The relations between social anxiety and social intelligence: a latent variable analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(4):545-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.01.001
38. Enns A, Eldridge GD, Montgomery C, Gonzalez VM. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence: A cross-sectional study of university students in helping disciplines. Nurse Educ Today. 2018; 68:226-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.012
39. Irfan M, Saleem U, Sethi MR, Abdullah AS. Do We Need to Care: Emotional Intellifence and Empathy of Medical And Dental Students. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2019;31(1):76-81
40. Gardner H. Taking a multiple intelligences (MI) perspective. Behav Brain Sci. 2017 Jan;40: e203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X16001631
41. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;80:106-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.006
42. Kaminska AO, Pshuk NG, Martynova YY. Social and emotional intelligence as a basis for communicative resource formation in family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(1):107-12.
43. Blackwelder J. Improving our Emotional Intelligence. Am J Nurs. 2018;118(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000529697.15321.1b
44. Páez Cala ML, Castaño Castrillón JJ. Inteligencia emocional y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Psicología desde el Caribe. 2015;32(2):268-85.
45. Patel M. Changes to postgraduate medical education in the 21st century. Clin Med. 2016;16(4):311-4. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-4-311
46. Gillies J. Compassion, medical humanities and medical education. Educ Prim Care. 2018;29(2):68-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2018.1427004
47. Pfeiffer S, Chen Y, Tsai D. Progress integrating medical humanities into medical education: a global overview. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29(5):298-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000265
48. Song P, Tang W. Emphasizing humanities in medical education: Promoting the integration of medical scientific spirit and medical humanistic spirit. Biosci Trends. 2017;1(2):128-13. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2017.01092
49. Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(1):85-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13141
50. O'Neill D, Jenkins E, Mawhinney R, Cosgrave E, O'Mahony S, Guest C. Rethinking the medical in the medical humanities. Med Humanit. 2016;42(2):109-14. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2015-010831
51. Newell S, Jordan Z. The patient experience of patient-centered communication with nurses in the hospital setting: a qualitative systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13(1):76-87. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1072
52. Adams SB. Empathy as an Ethical Imperative. Creat Nurs. 2018;24(3):166-172. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.24.3.166
53. Sinclair S, Beamer K, Hack TF, McClement S, Raffin Bouchal S, Chochinov HM, Hagen NA. Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients' understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliat Med. 2017;31(5):437-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216316663499
54. Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Gázquez Linares JJ, Oropesa Ruiz NF. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9):1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1509191
55. Salavera C, Usán P, Jarie L. Emotional intelligence and social skills on self-efficacy in Secondary Education students. Are there gender differences? J Adolesc. 2017;60:39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.009
56. Klassen RM, Klassen JRL. Self-efficacy beliefs of medical students: a critical review. Perspect Med Educ. 2018;7(2):76-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-018-0411-3
57. Batt-Rawden SA, Chisolm MS, Anton B, Flickinger TE. Teaching empathy to medical students: an updated, systematic review. Acad Med. 2013;88(8):1171-7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318299f3e3
58. Papageorgiou A, Miles S, Fromage M. Does medical students' empathy change during their 5-year MBBS degree? Educ Health (Abingdon). 2018;31(3):142-47. https://doi.org/10.4103/efh.EfH_279_17
59. Ghahramani S, Jahromi AT, Khoshsoroor D, Seifooripour R, Sepehrpoor M. The relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness in medical students. Korean J Med Educ. 2019;31(1):29-38. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2019.116
60. Abe K, Niwa M, Fujisaki K, Suzuki Y. Associations between emotional intelligence, empathy and personality in Japanese medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1165-7
61. Abe K, Evans P, Austin EJ, Suzuki Y, Fujisaki K, Niwa M, Aomatsu M. Expressing one's feelings and listening to others increases emotional intelligence: a pilot study of Asian medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-82
62. Sugawara A, Ishikawa K, Motoya R, Kobayashi G, Moroi Y, Fukushima T. Characteristics and Gender Differences in the Medical Interview Skills of Japanese Medical Students. Intern Med. 2017;56(12):1507-13. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8135
63. Sabet F, Zoghoul S, Alahmad M, Al Qudah H. The influence of gender on clinical examination skills of medical students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02002-x
64. Jha V, Setna Z, Al-Hity A, Quinton ND, Roberts TE. Patient involvement in teaching and assessing intimate examination skills: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2010;44(4):347–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03608.x
65. Gong Z, Chen Y, Wang Y. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job Burnout and Job Performance: Mediating Effect of Psychological Capital. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02707
66. Park KH, Kim DH, Kim SK, Yi YH, Jeong JH, Chae J, Hwang J, Roh H. The relationships between empathy, stress and social support among medical students. Int J Med Educ. 2015;6:103-8. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.55e6.0d44
67. Pelaccia T, Viau R. Motivation in medical education. Med Teach. 2017;39(2):13640. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2016.1248924
68. Gold JA, Bentzley JP, Franciscus AM, Forte C, De Golia SG. An Intervention in Social Connection: Medical Student Reflection Groups. Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43(4):375-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01058-2
69. Schindler S, Kruse O, Stark R, Kissler J. Attributed social context and emotional content recruit frontal and limbic brain regions during virtual feedback processing. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2019;19(2):239-52. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-00660-5
70. Niedenthal PM, Brauer M. Social functionality of human emotion. Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:259-85 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605
71. Barrett KC, Nelson-Goens GC. Emotion communication and the development of the social emotions. New Dir Child Dev. 1997;77:69-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219977705
72. Chervonsky E, Hunt C. Suppression and expression of emotion in social and interpersonal outcomes: A meta-analysis. Emotion. 2017;17(4):669-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000270
73. Triffaux JM, Tisseron S, Nasello JA. Decline of empathy among medical students: Dehumanization or useful coping process? Encephale. 2019;45(1):3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.003
74. Chew BH, Md Zain A, Hassan F. The relationship between the social management of emotional intelligence and academic performance among medical students. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(2):198-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2014.913797
2. Goleman D. La práctica de la inteligencia emocional. Barcelona: Kairós; 1997.
3. Gorgas DL, Greenberger S, Bahner DP, Way DP. Teaching Emotional Intelligence: A Control Group Study of a Brief Educational Intervention for Emergency Medicine Residents. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(6):899-906. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2015.8.27304
4. Cher Boon. Emotional intelligence and academic performance in first and final year medical student: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13(13):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-44
5. Jimenes L. Thoery of Multiple Intelligences and Their Application in Medicine. Psycol Psychology Res Int J. 2017;2(5):318.
6. Ekman Paul. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion. 6th ed. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
7. Campos Joseph. A new perspective on emotions. Child Abuse Neglect. 1984; 8:147-156.
8. Cabanac M. What is emotion? Behav Processes. 2002;60(2):69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00078-5
9. Grewal D, Davidson HA. Emotional intelligence and graduate medical education. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1200-2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.10.1200
10. Goleman D, Boyatzis R. Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harv Bus Rev. 2008;86(9):74-81.
11. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality.1990;9(3):185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FDUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
12. Mansel B. Emotional intelligence is essential to leadership. Nurs Stand. 2017;18;(3):21-9. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.31.21.29.s28
13. Ye J, Yeung DY, Liu ESC, Rochelle TL. Sequential mediating effects of provided and received social support on trait emotional intelligence and subjective happiness: A longitudinal examination in Hong Kong Chinese university students. Int J Psychol. 2019;54(4):478-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12484
14. Sa B, Ojeh N, Majumder MAA, Nunes P, Williams S, Rao SR, Youssef FF. The relationship between self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and empathy among students from six health professional programs. Teach Learn Med. 2019;31(5):536-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2019.1607741
15. Chew BH, Md Zain A, Hassan F. The relationship between the social management of emotional intelligence and academic performance among medical students. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(2):198-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2014.913797
16. Gardner Howard. Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Educational Researcher. 1989;18(8):4-10.
17. Prado V, Giménez M, Valero S. The influence of nurse education and training on communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Online]. 2019 July [cited 2020 october];53(29)9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2018015903465
18. Gardner Howard. Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan.1995;72(3):200-09.
19. Boyatzis Richard. Clustering competence in emotional intelligence. In: Bar-On R, Parker J. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 1999.
20. Lewis N, Rees C, Hudson J, Bleakley A. Emotional intelligence medical education: measuring the unmeasurable? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2005;10(4):339-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-005-4861-0
21. Keidar D, Yagoda A. Emotional intelligence, moral, ethics, bio-ethics and what is in between. Med Law. 2014;33(3):131-59.
22. Kantor B, Kantor J. Importance of Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence for Physicians. JAMA. 2018;10;(2):204-06. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.6278
23. Kaminska AO, Pshuk NG, Martynova Y. Social and emotional intelligence as a basis for communicative resource formation in family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(1):107-12.
24. Stoller J, Farver C, Taylor C. Emotional intelligence competencies provide a developmental curriculum for medical training. Med Teach. 2013;35(3):243–247. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737964
25. Todres M, Tsimtsiou Z, Stephenson A, Jones R. The emotional intelligence of medical students: an exploratory cross-sectional study. Med Teach. 2010;32(1):42-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421590903199668
26. Seritan A, Hunt J, Shy A, Rea M, Worley L. The state of medical student wellness: a call for culture change. Acad Psychiatry. 2012;36(1):7-10. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.10030042
27. Johnson D. Emotional intelligence as a crucial component to medical education. Int J Med Educ. 2015;6(6):179-83. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5654.3044
28. Genschow O, Klomfar S, D'Haene I, Brass M. Mimicking and anticipating others' actions is linked to Social Information Processing. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018 Mar [cited 2020 october 15];13(3): e0193743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193743
29. Zautra EK, Zautra AJ, Gallardo CE, Velasco L. Can We Learn to Treat One Another Better? A Test of a Social Intelligence Curriculum. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2020 october 15]; 15;10(6):e0128638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128638
30. Abrahams L, Pancorbo G, Primi R, Santos D, Kyllonen P, John OP. Social-emotional skill assessment in children and adolescents: Advances and challenges in personality, clinical, and educational contexts. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(4):460-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000591
31. Swartz M. Social and Emotional Learning. J Pediatr Health Care. 2017;31(5):521-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.06.001
32. Ashton B, Thornton A, Ridley A. An intraspecific appraisal of the social intelligence hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc. 2018;6(373)1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0288
33. Silman F, Dogan T. Social intelligence as a predictor of loneliness in the workplace. Span J Psychol. 2013;16(36):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.21
34. Salavera C, Usán P, Jarie L. Emotional intelligence and social skills on self-efficacy in Secondary Education students. Are there gender differences? J Adolesc. 2017; 60:39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.009
35. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018; 80:106-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.
36. Yeh ZT. Role of theory of mind and executive function in explaining social intelligence: a structural equation modeling approach. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(5):527-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.758235
37. Hampel S, Weis S, Hiller W, Witthöft M. The relations between social anxiety and social intelligence: a latent variable analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(4):545-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.01.001
38. Enns A, Eldridge GD, Montgomery C, Gonzalez VM. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence: A cross-sectional study of university students in helping disciplines. Nurse Educ Today. 2018; 68:226-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.012
39. Irfan M, Saleem U, Sethi MR, Abdullah AS. Do We Need to Care: Emotional Intellifence and Empathy of Medical And Dental Students. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2019;31(1):76-81
40. Gardner H. Taking a multiple intelligences (MI) perspective. Behav Brain Sci. 2017 Jan;40: e203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X16001631
41. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;80:106-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.006
42. Kaminska AO, Pshuk NG, Martynova YY. Social and emotional intelligence as a basis for communicative resource formation in family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(1):107-12.
43. Blackwelder J. Improving our Emotional Intelligence. Am J Nurs. 2018;118(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000529697.15321.1b
44. Páez Cala ML, Castaño Castrillón JJ. Inteligencia emocional y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Psicología desde el Caribe. 2015;32(2):268-85.
45. Patel M. Changes to postgraduate medical education in the 21st century. Clin Med. 2016;16(4):311-4. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-4-311
46. Gillies J. Compassion, medical humanities and medical education. Educ Prim Care. 2018;29(2):68-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2018.1427004
47. Pfeiffer S, Chen Y, Tsai D. Progress integrating medical humanities into medical education: a global overview. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29(5):298-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000265
48. Song P, Tang W. Emphasizing humanities in medical education: Promoting the integration of medical scientific spirit and medical humanistic spirit. Biosci Trends. 2017;1(2):128-13. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2017.01092
49. Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(1):85-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13141
50. O'Neill D, Jenkins E, Mawhinney R, Cosgrave E, O'Mahony S, Guest C. Rethinking the medical in the medical humanities. Med Humanit. 2016;42(2):109-14. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2015-010831
51. Newell S, Jordan Z. The patient experience of patient-centered communication with nurses in the hospital setting: a qualitative systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13(1):76-87. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1072
52. Adams SB. Empathy as an Ethical Imperative. Creat Nurs. 2018;24(3):166-172. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.24.3.166
53. Sinclair S, Beamer K, Hack TF, McClement S, Raffin Bouchal S, Chochinov HM, Hagen NA. Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients' understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliat Med. 2017;31(5):437-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216316663499
54. Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Gázquez Linares JJ, Oropesa Ruiz NF. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(9):1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1509191
55. Salavera C, Usán P, Jarie L. Emotional intelligence and social skills on self-efficacy in Secondary Education students. Are there gender differences? J Adolesc. 2017;60:39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.009
56. Klassen RM, Klassen JRL. Self-efficacy beliefs of medical students: a critical review. Perspect Med Educ. 2018;7(2):76-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-018-0411-3
57. Batt-Rawden SA, Chisolm MS, Anton B, Flickinger TE. Teaching empathy to medical students: an updated, systematic review. Acad Med. 2013;88(8):1171-7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318299f3e3
58. Papageorgiou A, Miles S, Fromage M. Does medical students' empathy change during their 5-year MBBS degree? Educ Health (Abingdon). 2018;31(3):142-47. https://doi.org/10.4103/efh.EfH_279_17
59. Ghahramani S, Jahromi AT, Khoshsoroor D, Seifooripour R, Sepehrpoor M. The relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness in medical students. Korean J Med Educ. 2019;31(1):29-38. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2019.116
60. Abe K, Niwa M, Fujisaki K, Suzuki Y. Associations between emotional intelligence, empathy and personality in Japanese medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1165-7
61. Abe K, Evans P, Austin EJ, Suzuki Y, Fujisaki K, Niwa M, Aomatsu M. Expressing one's feelings and listening to others increases emotional intelligence: a pilot study of Asian medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-82
62. Sugawara A, Ishikawa K, Motoya R, Kobayashi G, Moroi Y, Fukushima T. Characteristics and Gender Differences in the Medical Interview Skills of Japanese Medical Students. Intern Med. 2017;56(12):1507-13. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8135
63. Sabet F, Zoghoul S, Alahmad M, Al Qudah H. The influence of gender on clinical examination skills of medical students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02002-x
64. Jha V, Setna Z, Al-Hity A, Quinton ND, Roberts TE. Patient involvement in teaching and assessing intimate examination skills: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2010;44(4):347–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03608.x
65. Gong Z, Chen Y, Wang Y. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job Burnout and Job Performance: Mediating Effect of Psychological Capital. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02707
66. Park KH, Kim DH, Kim SK, Yi YH, Jeong JH, Chae J, Hwang J, Roh H. The relationships between empathy, stress and social support among medical students. Int J Med Educ. 2015;6:103-8. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.55e6.0d44
67. Pelaccia T, Viau R. Motivation in medical education. Med Teach. 2017;39(2):13640. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2016.1248924
68. Gold JA, Bentzley JP, Franciscus AM, Forte C, De Golia SG. An Intervention in Social Connection: Medical Student Reflection Groups. Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43(4):375-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01058-2
69. Schindler S, Kruse O, Stark R, Kissler J. Attributed social context and emotional content recruit frontal and limbic brain regions during virtual feedback processing. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2019;19(2):239-52. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-00660-5
70. Niedenthal PM, Brauer M. Social functionality of human emotion. Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:259-85 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605
71. Barrett KC, Nelson-Goens GC. Emotion communication and the development of the social emotions. New Dir Child Dev. 1997;77:69-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219977705
72. Chervonsky E, Hunt C. Suppression and expression of emotion in social and interpersonal outcomes: A meta-analysis. Emotion. 2017;17(4):669-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000270
73. Triffaux JM, Tisseron S, Nasello JA. Decline of empathy among medical students: Dehumanization or useful coping process? Encephale. 2019;45(1):3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.003
74. Chew BH, Md Zain A, Hassan F. The relationship between the social management of emotional intelligence and academic performance among medical students. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(2):198-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2014.913797
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
2021-07-22
How to Cite
Cerdio Dominguez, D., Millán Zurita, P., Cedillo Urbina, A. C., Félix Castro, J. M., & Del Campo Turcios, E. C. (2021). Social intelligence, an elementary competence in the development of the doctor-patient relationship. Proceedings of Scientific Research Universidad Anáhuac. Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare, 1(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.36105/psrua.2021v1n1.07
Issue
Section
Review Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2021 David Cerdio Dominguez, Paulina Millán Zurita, Alma Cristina Cedillo Urbina, José Marcos Félix Castro, Elvia Cristina Del Campo Turcios
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All the intellectual content found in this publication is licensed to the consumer public under the figure of Creative Commons©, unless the author of said content has agreed otherwise or limited said faculty to "Proceedings of Scientific Research Universidad Anáhuac. Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare©" or "Universidad Anáhuac Mexico©" in writing and expressly.
Proceedings of Scientific Research Universidad Anáhuac. Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The author retains the economic rights without restrictions and guarantees the journal the right to be the first publication of the work. The author is free to publish his article in any other medium, such as an institutional repository.
