Transhumanismo y gobernanza global de la edición del genoma humano. Temas comunes e implicaciones para la bioética
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este artículo explora las implicaciones para la bioética de los temas comunes entre el transhumanismo y la gobernanza global de la edición del genoma humano (HGE por sus siglas en inglés). En primer lugar, se aplicó el método de análisis temático reflexivo (ATR) a un conjunto de textos sobre el transhumanismo y sobre la gobernanza mundial de la edición del genoma humano. Como resultado de esta aplicación, surgieron tres temas comunes y sus elementos. Posteriormente se desarrolló un ejemplo de implicación para la bioética de cada uno de dichos temas en donde cada implicación consideró la situación actual y una tarea para la bioética. Finalmente se concluye la importancia de reconocer la situación derivada de los temas comunes y la necesidad trabajar en las tres tareas identificadas es crucial para la bioética contemporánea.
Descargas
PLUMX Metrics
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Medicina y Ética se distribuye bajo Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
El autor conserva los derechos patrimoniales sin restricciones y garantiza a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo. El autor es libre de depositar la versión publicada en cualquier otro medio, como un repositorio institucional o en su propio sitio web.
Citas
Humanity+. Humanity+. 2009 The Transhumanist Declaration [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-de-claration
Humanity+. Humanity+. 2001 Transhumanist FAQ 3.0. [citado 2 de diciembre de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/transhumanist-faq
Crespo-Rodríguez MA. Zoltan Istvan y el Partido Transhumanista: Política y transhumanismo en el siglo XXI [Internet]. Rio Piedras: University of Puerto Rico; 2018 [citado 12 de mayo de 2021]. Disponible en: DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/r6qsz
https://www.proquest.com/doc-view/2023807738/abstract/B0C097A17A8F452BPQ/1
European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. Values for the Future: The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance [Internet]. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union; 2021 [citado 16 de noviembre de 2021]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/values-future-role-ethics-eu-ropean-and-global-governance_en
National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus. 2020 [citado 16 de mayo de 2020]. What are genome editing and CRISPR-Cas9? Disponible en: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2017 Feb [citado 5 de julio de 2020] p. 329. https://doi. org/10.17226/24623
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17; 337(6096):816-21. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR, Sousa AA, Koblan LW, Levy JM. Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA. Nature [Internet]. 2019 [citado 17 de junio de 2021]; 576(7785):149-57. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4
Doudna JA, Sternberg SH. A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2017.
The Royal Society [Internet]. 2023 [citado 7 de marzo de 2023]. Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. Disponible en: https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2023/03/2023-human-genome-editing-summit/
Verve Therapeutics. 2022 [citado 3 de febrero de 2023]. Verve Therapeutics Doses First Human with an Investigational In Vivo Base Editing Medicine, VER-VE-101, as a Potential Treatment for Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterole- mia. Disponible en: https://ir.vervetx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/verve-therapeutics-doses-first-human-investigational-vivo-base/
Marchione M. Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies. AP NEWS [Internet]. 2018 [citado 19 de diciembre de 2020]; Disponible en: https://apnews.com/article/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d
The Organising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. Statement from the Organising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing [Internet]. 2023 [citado 7 de marzo de 2023]. Disponible en: https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2023/03/2023-hu-man-genome-editing-summit/
Ten Have H. Encyclopedia of Global bioethics. Springer Cham; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization 597 U.S. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 1 de febrero de 2023]. Disponible en: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392/
Ackermannarchive R.MIT Technology Review. 2023 [citado 3 de febrero de 2023]. Abortion pills via telemedicine: 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2023. Disponible en: https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/01/09/1064871/abortion-pills-tele-medicine-10-breakthrough-technologies-2023/
Roe v Wade: women travelling for abortions will be protected-Biden. BBC News [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 de julio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62018206
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: a framework for governance [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030060
Humanity+. Humanity+. [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. Transhumanism. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/transhumanism
Ranisch R. When CRISPR Meets Fantasy: Transhumanism and the Military in the Age of Gene Editing. Transhumanism: The Proper Guide to a Posthuman Condition or a Dangerous Idea? [Internet]. Springer Cham. 2021 [citado 10 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030565459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56546-6_7
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2006 [citado 31 de agosto de 2022]; 3(2):77-101. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis. APA handbook of research methods in psychology. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
Braun V, Clarke V. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. Los Angeles: SAGE; 2013.
Braun V, Clarke V, Gray D. Collecting Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide to Textual, Media and Virtual Techniques. Cambridge University Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295094
Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health [Internet]. 2019 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 11(4):589-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2021 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 18(3):328–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Reino Unido: SAGE Publications; 2021.
Braun V, Clarke V. To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health [Internet]. 2021 Mar 4 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 13(2):20116. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
Braun V, Clarke V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Couns Psychother Res [Internet]. 2021 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 21(1):37-47. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/capr.12360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360
Braun V, Clarke V. Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qual Psychol. 2022; 9:3-26. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000196
Braun V, Clarke V. Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. Int J Transgender Health [Internet]. 2022 Oct 25 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 0(0):1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597
Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N. A starting point for your journey, not a map: Nikki Hayfield in conversation with Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke about thematic analysis. Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2022 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 19(2):424-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1670765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1670765
Santos L. Common Themes Between Humanity+ Original Documents on Transhumanism and who Documents on the Global Governance of Human Genome Editing. Reflexive Thematic Analysis and Implications for bioethics. Roma: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum; 2023.
Vita-More N. Humanity+. 2020 [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. The Transhumanist Manifesto. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-manifesto
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: recommendations [Internet]. Ginebra: WHO; 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030381
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: position paper [Internet]. Ginebra: WHO; 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en:
https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030404
Byrne D. A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant [Internet]. 2022 [citado 18 de octubre de 2022]; 56(3):1391- 412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
The Hastings Center bioethics Timeline [Internet]. The Hastings Center [citado 9 de noviembre de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.thehastingscenter.org/bioe-thics-timeline/
The Nuffield Council on bioethics. 2022 [citado 8 de octubre de 2022]. Horizon scanning. Disponible en: https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/what-we-do/horizon-scanning
Potter VR. Bioethics: bridge to the future [Internet].Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1971 [citado 12 de marzo de 2021]. Disponible en: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/226527.html
Benanti P. La condizione tecno-umana. Domande di senso nell’era della tecnologia. Bologna: EDB; 2016.
Sandberg A. Morphological Freedom. Why We Not Just Want It, but Need It. The Transhumanist Reader [Internet]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2013 [citado 14 de abril de 2020]. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch5
Green BP. Transhumanism and Catholic Natural Law: Changing Human Nature and Changing Moral Norms. Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2014.
Austriaco NPG. Biomedicine and Beatitude: An Introduction to Catholic bioethics. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press; 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0p2
Ferretti F. Mapping do-it-yourself science. Life Sci Soc Policy [Internet]. 2019 [citado 14 de marzo de 2023]; 15(1):1. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-018-0090-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-018-0090-1
Karlovitz TJ. The Democratization of Technology and Its Limitation. Managing Customer Experiences in an Omnichannel World: Melody of Online and Offline Environments in the Customer Journey [Internet]. Emerald Publishing Limited; 2020 [citado 27 de noviembre de 2020]. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201004
Vita-More N. History of Transhumanism. The Transhumanism Handbook. Springer Cham; 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16920-6_2
Santos L. Biohacking and Transhumanism: what and why. Relectiones Rev Interdiscip Filos Humanidades [Internet]. 2022 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; (9):40-53. https://portalderevistas.ufv.es/index.php/relectiones/article/view/743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-rel.2022.9.743.40-53
Brickley L. Bodies without Borders: The Sinews and Circuitry of “folklore+”. West Folk [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 de julio de 2021]; 78(1):5–38. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26864140
Jasanoff S. The Ethics of Invention: Technology and the Human Future. Nueva York: W.W. Norton; 2016.
Nuffield Council on bioethics. Genome editing and human reproduction: social and ethical issues [Internet]. Londres: Nuffield Council on bioethics; 2018 [citado 20 de abril de 2018]. Disponible en:
https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/genome-editing-and-human-reproduction
Hopkins PD. A Salvation Paradox for Transhumanism: Saving You versus Saving You. Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2014.
Baylis F. Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674241954
Austriaco NPG. Healthier than Healthy: The Moral Case for Therapeutic Enhancement. Natl Cathol Bioeth Q [Internet]. 2017 [citado 5 de julio de 2021]; 17(1):43-9. Disponible en: DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq20171715
https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=ncb-q&id=ncbq_2017_0017_0001_0043_0049