Transhumanism and global governance of human genome editing. Common themes and Implications for bioethics
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article explores the implications for bioethics of the common themes between transhumanism and the global governance of human genome editing (HGE). First, the reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) method was applied to a set of texts on transhumanism and a set of texts on the global governance of HGE. As a result of this application of RTA, three common themes emerged and their elements. After that, an example of implication for bioethics of each one of the common themes was developed. Each implication considers the current situation and a task for bioethics. Finally it is concluded that recognising the situation arising from the common themes and working on the three identified tasks is crucial for contemporary bioethics.
Downloads
PLUMX Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Medicina y Ética is distributed under a Creative Commons License Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
The author keeps the property rights with no restriction whatsoever and guarantees the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work. The author is free to deposit the published version in any other medium, such as an institutional archive or on his own website.
References
Humanity+. Humanity+. 2009 The Transhumanist Declaration [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-de-claration
Humanity+. Humanity+. 2001 Transhumanist FAQ 3.0. [citado 2 de diciembre de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/transhumanist-faq
Crespo-Rodríguez MA. Zoltan Istvan y el Partido Transhumanista: Política y transhumanismo en el siglo XXI [Internet]. Rio Piedras: University of Puerto Rico; 2018 [citado 12 de mayo de 2021]. Disponible en: DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/r6qsz
https://www.proquest.com/doc-view/2023807738/abstract/B0C097A17A8F452BPQ/1
European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. Values for the Future: The Role of Ethics in European and Global Governance [Internet]. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union; 2021 [citado 16 de noviembre de 2021]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/values-future-role-ethics-eu-ropean-and-global-governance_en
National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus. 2020 [citado 16 de mayo de 2020]. What are genome editing and CRISPR-Cas9? Disponible en: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2017 Feb [citado 5 de julio de 2020] p. 329. https://doi. org/10.17226/24623
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17; 337(6096):816-21. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829
Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR, Sousa AA, Koblan LW, Levy JM. Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA. Nature [Internet]. 2019 [citado 17 de junio de 2021]; 576(7785):149-57. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4
Doudna JA, Sternberg SH. A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2017.
The Royal Society [Internet]. 2023 [citado 7 de marzo de 2023]. Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. Disponible en: https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2023/03/2023-human-genome-editing-summit/
Verve Therapeutics. 2022 [citado 3 de febrero de 2023]. Verve Therapeutics Doses First Human with an Investigational In Vivo Base Editing Medicine, VER-VE-101, as a Potential Treatment for Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterole- mia. Disponible en: https://ir.vervetx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/verve-therapeutics-doses-first-human-investigational-vivo-base/
Marchione M. Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies. AP NEWS [Internet]. 2018 [citado 19 de diciembre de 2020]; Disponible en: https://apnews.com/article/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d
The Organising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. Statement from the Organising Committee of the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing [Internet]. 2023 [citado 7 de marzo de 2023]. Disponible en: https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2023/03/2023-hu-man-genome-editing-summit/
Ten Have H. Encyclopedia of Global bioethics. Springer Cham; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization 597 U.S. [Internet]. 2022 [citado 1 de febrero de 2023]. Disponible en: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392/
Ackermannarchive R.MIT Technology Review. 2023 [citado 3 de febrero de 2023]. Abortion pills via telemedicine: 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2023. Disponible en: https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/01/09/1064871/abortion-pills-tele-medicine-10-breakthrough-technologies-2023/
Roe v Wade: women travelling for abortions will be protected-Biden. BBC News [Internet]. 2022 [citado 2 de julio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62018206
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: a framework for governance [Internet]. 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030060
Humanity+. Humanity+. [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. Transhumanism. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/transhumanism
Ranisch R. When CRISPR Meets Fantasy: Transhumanism and the Military in the Age of Gene Editing. Transhumanism: The Proper Guide to a Posthuman Condition or a Dangerous Idea? [Internet]. Springer Cham. 2021 [citado 10 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030565459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56546-6_7
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2006 [citado 31 de agosto de 2022]; 3(2):77-101. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis. APA handbook of research methods in psychology. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
Braun V, Clarke V. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. Los Angeles: SAGE; 2013.
Braun V, Clarke V, Gray D. Collecting Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide to Textual, Media and Virtual Techniques. Cambridge University Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295094
Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health [Internet]. 2019 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 11(4):589-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2021 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 18(3):328–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Reino Unido: SAGE Publications; 2021.
Braun V, Clarke V. To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health [Internet]. 2021 Mar 4 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 13(2):20116. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
Braun V, Clarke V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Couns Psychother Res [Internet]. 2021 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 21(1):37-47. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/capr.12360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360
Braun V, Clarke V. Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qual Psychol. 2022; 9:3-26. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000196
Braun V, Clarke V. Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. Int J Transgender Health [Internet]. 2022 Oct 25 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 0(0):1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597
Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N. A starting point for your journey, not a map: Nikki Hayfield in conversation with Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke about thematic analysis. Qual Res Psychol [Internet]. 2022 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; 19(2):424-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1670765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1670765
Santos L. Common Themes Between Humanity+ Original Documents on Transhumanism and who Documents on the Global Governance of Human Genome Editing. Reflexive Thematic Analysis and Implications for bioethics. Roma: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum; 2023.
Vita-More N. Humanity+. 2020 [citado 11 de junio de 2022]. The Transhumanist Manifesto. Disponible en: https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-manifesto
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: recommendations [Internet]. Ginebra: WHO; 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030381
WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing. Human genome editing: position paper [Internet]. Ginebra: WHO; 2021 [citado 13 de julio de 2021]. Disponible en:
https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030404
Byrne D. A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant [Internet]. 2022 [citado 18 de octubre de 2022]; 56(3):1391- 412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
The Hastings Center bioethics Timeline [Internet]. The Hastings Center [citado 9 de noviembre de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.thehastingscenter.org/bioe-thics-timeline/
The Nuffield Council on bioethics. 2022 [citado 8 de octubre de 2022]. Horizon scanning. Disponible en: https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/what-we-do/horizon-scanning
Potter VR. Bioethics: bridge to the future [Internet].Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1971 [citado 12 de marzo de 2021]. Disponible en: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/226527.html
Benanti P. La condizione tecno-umana. Domande di senso nell’era della tecnologia. Bologna: EDB; 2016.
Sandberg A. Morphological Freedom. Why We Not Just Want It, but Need It. The Transhumanist Reader [Internet]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2013 [citado 14 de abril de 2020]. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch5
Green BP. Transhumanism and Catholic Natural Law: Changing Human Nature and Changing Moral Norms. Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2014.
Austriaco NPG. Biomedicine and Beatitude: An Introduction to Catholic bioethics. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press; 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1tfw0p2
Ferretti F. Mapping do-it-yourself science. Life Sci Soc Policy [Internet]. 2019 [citado 14 de marzo de 2023]; 15(1):1. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-018-0090-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-018-0090-1
Karlovitz TJ. The Democratization of Technology and Its Limitation. Managing Customer Experiences in an Omnichannel World: Melody of Online and Offline Environments in the Customer Journey [Internet]. Emerald Publishing Limited; 2020 [citado 27 de noviembre de 2020]. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201004
Vita-More N. History of Transhumanism. The Transhumanism Handbook. Springer Cham; 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16920-6_2
Santos L. Biohacking and Transhumanism: what and why. Relectiones Rev Interdiscip Filos Humanidades [Internet]. 2022 [citado 11 de noviembre de 2022]; (9):40-53. https://portalderevistas.ufv.es/index.php/relectiones/article/view/743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-rel.2022.9.743.40-53
Brickley L. Bodies without Borders: The Sinews and Circuitry of “folklore+”. West Folk [Internet]. 2019 [citado 10 de julio de 2021]; 78(1):5–38. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26864140
Jasanoff S. The Ethics of Invention: Technology and the Human Future. Nueva York: W.W. Norton; 2016.
Nuffield Council on bioethics. Genome editing and human reproduction: social and ethical issues [Internet]. Londres: Nuffield Council on bioethics; 2018 [citado 20 de abril de 2018]. Disponible en:
https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/genome-editing-and-human-reproduction
Hopkins PD. A Salvation Paradox for Transhumanism: Saving You versus Saving You. Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2014.
Baylis F. Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674241954
Austriaco NPG. Healthier than Healthy: The Moral Case for Therapeutic Enhancement. Natl Cathol Bioeth Q [Internet]. 2017 [citado 5 de julio de 2021]; 17(1):43-9. Disponible en: DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq20171715
https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=ncb-q&id=ncbq_2017_0017_0001_0043_0049