Las criptomonedas como catalizadores de la inclusión financiera en América Latina

Contenido principal del artículo

Nicolás A. Núñez Morales
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-3830
Rodrigo Andrés Crisóstomo Zúñiga
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5566-0231
Juan Pablo Núñez Morales

Resumen

La inclusión financiera es un desafío significativo en América Latina, por lo que resulta relevante proponer nuevos enfoques y modelos de negocio que ayuden a cerrar la brecha de acceso a servicios financieros para los segmentos menos atendidos. En esta línea, evaluamos la intención de uso de una plataforma para comprar  criptomonedas como activo de inversión, para personas que invierten en instrumentos alternativos como estos, en donde el elemento innovador constituye que las criptos pueden darse en préstamo a personas vulnerables con tasas convenientes para ambas partes. De esta forma, con base en el modelo de la teoría unificada de aceptación y uso de tecnología o UTAUT de adopción tecnológica, los resultados muestran que la influencia social y la confianza son las variables que explican en mayor medida la  intención de su uso. Los hallazgos de este estudio generan nueva evidencia para el desarrollo de modelos de negocio innovadores, así como una contribución pertinente para la política pública en relación con el desarrollo del ecosistema fintech en América Lat ina.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

PLUMX Metrics

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Núñez Morales, N. A., Crisóstomo Zúñiga, R. A., & Núñez Morales, J. P. (2024). Las criptomonedas como catalizadores de la inclusión financiera en América Latina. The Anáhuac Journal, 24(2), Pág. 1–32. https://doi.org/10.36105/theanahuacjour.2024v24n2.2389
Sección
Artículos
Biografía del autor/a

Nicolás A. Núñez Morales, Centrum PUCP Graduate Business School Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú

Nicolás tiene un PhD en Management por ESEADE, es magíster en Ingeniería Industrial por la UNAB de Chile e ingeniero civil industrial por la Universidad de Chile. Académico e investigador en Centrum PUCP Graduate Business School, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, especializado en Learning Analytics, People Analytics y Operations Research, con foco en la educación en emprendimiento, sostenibilidad, innovación, y business analytics. Su trabajo combina analítica avanzada con la enseñanza de negocios, integrando sostenibilidad y tecnologías digitales para optimizar procesos educativos y empresariales. Ha participado en proyectos de investigación de alto impacto y conferencias internacionales, contribuyendo al desarrollo de estrategias innovadoras en educación y emprendimiento sostenible.

Rodrigo Andrés Crisóstomo Zúñiga, Facultad de Ingeniería y Empresa Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile

Rodrigo es magíster en Ingeniería Industrial por la UNAB e ingeniero civil industrial por la Universidad de Chile. Tiene amplia experiencia en gestión empresarial y docencia en educación superior. Es académico e investigador en la Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, especializado en la gestión en educación superior y la gestión del conocimiento, además de pensiones y sus ecosistemas de inversión, tanto tradicionales como alternativos y mercado del trabajo.

Juan Pablo Núñez Morales, Facultad de Economía y Gobierno Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile

Juan Pablo es estudiante de Ingeniería Comercial en la Universidad San Sebastián, Chile, con un enfoque claro en la investigación de áreas emergentes y de alto impacto, como Finanzas Verdes, Marketing Sostenible y Estrategia Comercial.
Su interés académico está orientado hacia soluciones innovadoras que promuevan la sostenibilidad financiera y empresarial, para contribuir al desarrollo de prácticas comerciales responsables y sostenibles en un entorno global en constante cambio.

Citas

Ajzen, I. (1991). “The Theory of Planned Behavior”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50 (2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Alajmi, M. A. y Alotaibi, J. H. (2020). “Reconceptualization of System Use in the Context of the Digital Library: What Are the Roles of UTAUT and IS Success Models?” Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship, 32(3), 151-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1941126X.2020.1790943

Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. y Martinez Peria, M. S. (2016). “The Foundations of Financial Inclusion: Understanding Ownership and Use of Formal Accounts”. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2015.12.003

Auer, R. y Tercero-Lucas, D. (2022). “Distrust or Speculation? The Socioeconomic Drivers of US Cryptocurrency Investments”. Journal of Financial Stability, 62, 101066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2022.101066

Bachmann, A., Becker, A., Buerckner, D., Hilker, M., Kock, F., Lehmann, M.,... y Funk, B. (2011). “Online Peer-to-Peer Lending: A Literature Review”. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2), 1-18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288764128_Online_Peer-to-Peer_Lending_-_A_Literature_Review

Bagozzi, R. P. y Yi, Y. (2012). “Specification, Evaluation, and Interpretation of Structural Equation Models”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x

Banco Mundial. (2021). Inclusión financiera. Panorama general. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/topic/financialinclusion/overview

Bashir, M., Yousaf, A. y Verma, R. (2016). “Disruptive Business Model Innovation: How a Tech Firm is Changing the Traditional Taxi Service Industry”. Indian Journal of Marketing, 46 (4). https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2016/v46/i4/90530

Baur, D. G., Lee, S. H., y Wei, K. C. J. (2018). “Bitcoin: Medium of Exchange or Speculative Asset?”. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 54, núm. C, 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.12.004

Bearden, W., Hardesty, D. y Rose, R. (2001). “Consumer Self-Confidence: Refinements in Conceptualization and Measurement”. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1086/321951

Belleflamme, P., Omrani, N. y Peitz, M. (2015). “The Economics of Crowdfunding Platforms”. Information Economics and Policy, 33, 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.08.003

Bianchi, D. (2020). “Cryptocurrencies As an Asset Class? An Empirical Assessment”. The Journal of Alternative Investments. https://doi.org/10.3905/jai.2020.1.105

Blut, M., Chong, A., Tsigna, Z. y Venkatesh, V. (2022). “Meta-Analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Challenging its Validity and Charting a Research Agenda in the Red Ocean”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 23(1), 13-95. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3834872

Böhme, R., Christin, N., Edelman, B. y Moore, T. (2015). “Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance·. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(2), 213-238. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.29.2.213

Chao, C. M. (2019). “Factors Determining the Behavioral Intention to Use Mobile Learning: An Application and Extension of the UTAUT Model”. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01652

Chen, H. y Zhao, X. (2023). “Use Intention of Green Financial Security Intelligence Service Based on UTAUT”. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(10), 10709-10742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02501-5

Chen, Y. y Bellavitis, C. (2020). “Blockchain Disruption and Decentralized Finance: The Rise of Decentralized Business Models”. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151

Chohan, U. W. (2023). “Public Value and Citizen-Driven Digital Innovation: A Cryptocurrency Study”. International Journal of Public Administration, 46(12), 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2022.2043365

Chudasri, D., Baber, P. y Wibisono, S. (2020). Blockchain-Based Microfinance Ecosystem for Financial Inclusion. En Proceedings of the 2020 2nd Asia Pacific Information Technology Conference (pp. 91-96).

Clark, J. M., Metz, A. Z. y Casher, C. S. (2021). ID4D Global Dataset 2021: Volume 1 - Global ID Coverage Estimates (English). World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099705012232226786/P176341132c1ef0b21adf11abad304425ef

Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores (CNBV) (2023). Panorama anual de inclusión financiera 2023. Con datos al cierre de 2022. http://rb.gy/wgs2zs

Corbet, S., Lucey, B., Urquhart, A., Yarovaya, L. (2019). “Cryptocurrencies as a Financial Asset: A Systematic Analysis”. International Review of Financial Analysis, vol. 62, 182-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.09.003

Cornelli, G., Frost, J., Gambacorta, L., Rau, R., Wardrop, R. y Ziegler, T. (2020). Fintech and Big Tech Credit: A New Database. BIS Working Papers, 887. https://www.bis.org/publ/work887.htm

Dabla-Norris, E., Ji, Y., Townsend, R. M. y Unsal, D. F. (2021). “Distinguishing Constraints on Financial Inclusion and their Impact on GDP, TFP, and the Distribution of Income”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.01.003

Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P. y Warshaw, P. R. (1989). “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models”. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982

De Roure, C., Pelizzon, L. y Tasca, P., (2016). “How Does P2P Lending Fit into the Consumer Credit Market?”. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2756191

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D. y Ansar, S. (2022). “The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19”. World Bank Publications. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/Report

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S. y Hess, J. (2017). Global Findex Database. Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/332881525873182837/the-global-findex-database-2017-measuring-financial-inclusion-and-the-fintech-revolution

Dupas, P., Karlan, D., Robinson, J. y Ubfal, D. (2018). “Banking the Unbanked? Evidence From Three Countries”. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(2), 257-97. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20160597

Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M. Y Williams, M. D. (2019). “Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model”. Information Systems Frontiers, 21, 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-017-9774-y

Emekter, R., Tu, Y., Jirasakuldech, B. y Lu, M. (2015). “Evaluating Credit Risk and Loan Performance in Online Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending”. Applied Economics, 47(1), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.962222

Fang, F., Ventre, C., Basios, M., Kanthan, L., Martinez-Rego, D., Wu, F. y Li, L. (2022). “Cryptocurrency Trading: A Comprehensive Survey”. Financial Innovation, 8(13). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00321-6

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). (2019). How America Banks: Household Use of Banking and Financial Services. Household Survey. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. https://www.fdic.gov/household-survey/how-americabanks-household-use-banking-and-financial-services

Feinstein, B. D. y Werbach, K. (2021). “The Impact of Cryptocurrency Regulation on Trading Markets”. Journal of Financial Regulation, 7(1), 48-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3649475

Gibilaro, L. y Mattarocci, G. (2018). “Peer-to-Peer Lending and Real Estate Mortgages: Evidence from United Kingdom”. Journal of European Real Estate Research, 11(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-12-2016-0048

Godin, G. y Kok, G. (1996). “The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors”. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87

GSMA. (2019). State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money. GSM Association. Haddad, C. y Hornuf, L. (2019). “The Emergence of the Global Fintech Market: Economic and Technological Determinants”. Small Business Economics 53, 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9991-x

Hair Jr., J. F., Howard, M. C. y Nitzl, C. (2020). “Assessing Measurement Model Quality in PLS-SEM Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis”. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069

Hair Jr., J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L. y Sarstedt, M. (2017). “PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated Guidelines on Which Method to Use”. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624

Hair Jr., J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. y Ringle, C. M. (2019). “When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM”. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Handarkho, Y., Widyastuti, D. y Harjoseputro, Y. (2021). “The Effect of the Social Aspect, Media Dependency, and Uncertainty Against the Formation of Trust Toward Information in Social Network Sites: A Case Study of COVID-19 Information in Indonesia”. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 88(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12196

Hasso, T., Pelster, M. y Breitmayer, B. (2019). “Who Trades Cryptocurrencies, How Do They Trade It, and How Do they Perform? Evidence From Brokerage Accounts”. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, vol. 23, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2019.04.009

Hileman, I. y Rauchs, M. (2017). Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study. University of Cambridge. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. http://rb.gy/bah7ml

Hu, L. T. y Bentler, P. M. (1999). “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives”. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Kournal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Jagtiani, J. y Lemieux, C. (2017). “Fintech Lending: Financial Inclusion, Risk Pricing, and Alternative Information”. https://www.fdic.gov/system/files/2024-08/14-jagtiani.pdf

Jin, C. y Chen, R. (2023). “The Effect of Asymmetric Intersexual Selection Power Perception on the Choice Deferral Behavior of Men and Women”. Evolutionary Psychology, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/14747049231193993

Khan, A. G., Zahid, A. H., Hussain, M. y Riaz, U. (2019, noviembre). “Security of Cryptocurrency Using Hardware Wallet and QR Code·. In 2019 International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC) (pp. 1-10). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC48496.2019.8966739

Klapper, L. y Singer, D. (2017). “The Opportunities and Challenges of Digitizing Government-To-Person Payments”. The World Bank Research Observer, 32(2), 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkx003

Klapper, L., Miller, M. y Hess, J. (2019). Leveraging Digital Financial Solutions to Promote Formal Business Participation, World Bank y Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/486541556177550649/pdf/Leveraging-Digital-Financial-Solutions-to-Promote-Formal-Business-Participation.pdf

Krombholz, K., Judmayer, A., Gusenbauer, M. y Weippl, E. (2017). “The Other Side of the Coin: User Experiences with Bitcoin Security and Privacy”. En Grossklags, J., Preneel, B. (eds.). Financial Cryptography and Data Security (Conference paper). FC 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9603. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54970-4_33

Kshetri, N. (2017). “Potential Roles of Blockchain in Fighting Poverty and Reducing Financial Exclusion in the Global South”. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 20(4), 201-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2017.1391370

Li, S. y Qinjian, Y. (2020). “UTAUT and its Application and Prospect in the Field of Information System Research”. Journal of Modern Information, 40(10), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2020.10.018

Li, W. (2021). “The Role of Trust and Risk in Citizens’ E-Government Services Adoption: A Perspective of the Extended UTAUT Model”. Sustainability, 13(14), 7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147671

Lusardi, A. y Mitchell, O. S. (2014). “The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence”. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5-44. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.5

Mai, F., Shan, Z., Bai, Q., Wang, X. (Shane), & Chiang, R. H. L. (2018). “How Does Social Media Impact Bitcoin Value? A Test of the Silent Majority Hypothesis”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(1), 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1440774

Malaquias, F. F. y Hwang, Y. (2016). Trust in Mobile Banking Under Conditions of Information Asymmetry: Empirical Evidence from Brazil. Information Development, 32(5), 1600-1612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915616164

Martin, J., Mortimer, G. y Andrews, L. (2015). “Re-Examining Online Customer Experience to Include Purchase Frequency and Perceived Risk”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 25, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.03.008

Martínez-Climent, C., Zorio-Grima, A. y Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2018). “Financial Return Crowdfunding: Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis”. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14, 527-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0511-x

Mastercard y America’s Market Intelligence (AMI). (2023). Estado de la inclusión financiera después de la COVID-19 en Latinoamérica y el Caribe: nuevas oportunidades para el ecosistema de pagos. https://www.mastercard.com/news/media/wrjmp2fv/report_esp_ami_mastercard_financial_inclusion_post_covid_es.pdf?cmp=2025.q2.lac.latam.fis.dir-res.prod.na.spa-regional-press-release.56798.oweb.txt.others.es

Mild, A., Waitz, M. y Wöckl, J. (2015). “How Low can you Go?—Overcoming the Inability of Lenders to Set Proper Interest Rates on Unsecured Peer-to-Peer Lending Markets”. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1291-1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.021

Milne, A. y Parboteeah, P. (2016). “The Business Models and Economics of Peer-to-Peer Lending”. ECRI Research Report núm. 17. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2763682

Morse, A. (2015). “Peer-to-Peer Crowdfunding: Information and the Potential for Disruption in Consumer Lending”. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 7, 463-482. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-111914-041939

Mustafa, S., Zhang, W., Shehzad, M. U., Anwar, A. y Rubakula, G. (2022). “Does Health Consciousness Matter to Adopt New Technology? An Integrated Model of UTAUT2 with SEM-fsQCA Approach”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 836194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836194

Nakamoto, S. (2008). “Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System”. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A. y Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction. Princeton University Press.

Nowiński, W. y Kozma, M. (2017). “How Can Blockchain Technology Disrupt the Existing Business Models?”. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 5(3) 173-188. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:krk:eberjl:v:5:y:2017:i:3:p:173-188

Ooi, E. (2018). Financial Inclusion and Consumer Empowerment in Southeast Asia. OECD Publishing. https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/financial-inclusion-and-consumer-empowerment-in-southeast-asia

Oxford Analytica (2024). “Bitcoin ETF to Boost Cryptos as US Regulations Evolve”. Expert Briefings. https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-DB284648

Ozili, P. K. (2021). “Financial Inclusion Research Around the World: A Review”. Forum for Social Economics, 50 (4), 457-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2020.1715238

Pelster, M., Breitmayer, B., Hasso, T. (2019). “Are Cryptocurrency Traders Pioneers or Just Risk-Seekers? Evidence from Brokerage Accounts”. Economics Letters, vol. 182, 98-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.06.013

Pérez Caldentey, Esteban y Titelman Kardonsky, Daniel (eds.). (2018). La inclusión financiera para la inserción productiva y el papel de la banca de desarrollo. Naciones Unidas, Cepal, Libros de la Cepal 153. http://rb.gy/hztwmc

Rahmani, A., Mashayekh, J., Aboojafari, R. y Naeini, A. B. (2023). “Determinants of Households’ Intention for Investment in Renewable Energy Projects”. Renewable Energy, vol. 205, 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.096

Rau, P. R. (2017). “Law, Trust, and the Development of Crowdfunding”. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Working Paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2989056

Rosseel, Y. (2012). “lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling”. Journal of statistical software, 48, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

Sahay, R., von Allmen, U. E., Lahreche, A., Khera, P., Ogawa, S., Bazarbash, M. y Beaton, K. (2020). The Promise of Fintech: Financial Inclusion in the Post-COVID-19 Era, Departmental Paper núm. 20/09. International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2020/06/29/The-Promise-of-Fintech-Financial-Inclusion-in-the-Post-COVID-19-Era-48623

Schilling, L. y Uhlig, H. (2019). “Some Simple Bitcoin Economics”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 106, 16-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.07.002

Serrano-Cinca, C., Gutiérrez-Nieto, B. y López-Palacios, L. (2015). “Determinants of Default in P2P Lending”. PLOS One, 10(10), e0139427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139427

Sharma, R., Singh, G. y Sharma, S. (2020). “Modelling Internet Banking Adoption in Fiji: A Developing Country Perspective”. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102116

Sheeran, P. y Abraham, C. (2003). “Mediator of Moderators: Temporal Stability of Intention and the Intention-Behavior Relation”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239046

Siegrist, M., Cvetkovich, G. y Roth, C. (2000). “Salient Value Similarity, Social Trust, and Risk/Benefit Perception”. Risk Analysis, 20(3), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.203034

Suhadolnik, N., Ueyama, J. y Da Silva, S. (2023). “Machine Learning for Enhanced Credit Risk Assessment: An Empirical Approach”. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(12), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16120496

Suri, T. y Jack, W. (2016). “The Long-Run Poverty and Gender Impacts of Mobile Money”. Science, 354(6317), 1288-1292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309

Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly Media. Tapscott, D. y Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Portfolio.

Vargas García, A. H. (2021). “La inclusión financiera en el Perú”. Gestión en el tercer milenio, 24(47), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.15381/gtm.v24i47.20591

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. y Davis, F. D. (2003). “User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View”. MIS Quarterly, 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540

Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. y Xu, X. (2016). “Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(5), 328-376. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00428

Wang, H., Guo, C., Cheng, S. (2019). “LoC — A New Financial Loan Management System Based on Smart Contracts”. Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 100, 648-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.05.040

Wilson, M. y Yelowitz, A. (2015). “Characteristics of Bitcoin Users: An Analysis of Google Search Data”. Applied Economics Letters, 22(13), 1030-1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2518603

World Bank. (2018). “Financial Inclusion Overview”. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview

World Economic Forum (WEF). (2016). The Future of Financial Infrastructure: An Ambitious Look at How Blockchain Can Reshape Financial Services. WEF. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_future_of_financial_infrastructure.pdf

Yang, B., Lei, Y., Liu, J., & Li, W. (2016). “Social Collaborative Filtering by Trust”. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 39(8), 1633-1647. https://doi.org//10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2605085

Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Roslan, S., Mohamad, Z., Ismail, I. A., Ab Jalil, H. y Ahrari, S. (2022). “Influencing Factors in MOOCs Adoption in Higher Education: A meta-Analytic Path Analysis”. Sustainability, 14(14), 8268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148268

Ziegler, T., Shneor, R., Wenzlaff, K., Wang, B., Kim, J., Paes, F. F. D. C., ... y Adams, N. (2020). The Global Alternative Finance Market Benchmarking Report. University of Cambridge. https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-04-22-ccaf-global-alternative-finance-market-benchmarking-report.pdf